The main objectives of the World Water Forum "Bridging the divides for water"
From the Middle Ages to the present, water has played an important role in our civilization, essential for the establishment of villages. From a water point, the men built wells. Rivers have always given the essential resources, geographical markers with paths along the banks that arranged the men. With rivers, the man also found the energy to operate the mills that produce flour or oil to last centuries. Around 1920, the mills have also given rise to the necessary water power to electric current.
The health
Lack of access to drinking water for much of the world's population has serious health consequences. Thus, a child dies every 5 seconds, millions of women run out in fetching water; 80 million people have been displaced by 45 000 dams in the world. Each year, 443 million school days are lost because of infections transmitted by unsafe water.
Comparison of consumption in the world.
Water consumption is very uneven levels of development: • 10 liters / day / person saved by a family in Kabul (Afghanistan): The capital of 3.4 million people has only one circuit water and therefore can supply only 18% of the population. • 137 liters / day / person, that's what consumes - for reasons of economy - a middle-class families in Quito (Ecuador). This figure is well below the average of the country. • 300 liters / day / person, the consumption of a family in Nevada (USA). Their pool of 95 000 liters could meet the water needs of a person for 12 years.
The World Water Forum, the biggest event in the world of the water sector, is organized every three years in cooperation between the World Water Council and the host government. Following the Forum held in Morocco (1997), the Netherlands (2000), Japan (2003) and Mexico (2006), the 5th World Water Forum will be held in Istanbul in Turkey in March 2009. The Forum is an open, inclusive and involving all stakeholders. It concludes two years of preparatory activities. The Forum is not just a one-week event, it is primarily a process that seeks to give more importance to issues related to water, their awareness and understanding. This process is the proposed solutions to global challenges. The forum will be held from 16 to 22 March 2009, more on the official website >>>>>
If the organizers of the 5th World Water Forum, based largely on the results and successes of previous Forums, they want to innovate with a new approach. Forum Istanbul will focus more than ever on priority themes, encouraging interaction between actors from different backgrounds. Indeed, the preparatory process of the Forum was to channel the 100 by identifying priority issues in the matter of water. Issues that will lay the foundation for development sessions during the Forum.
The main objectives:
- give importance to water on the political agenda,
- discuss solutions to water problems of the 21st century
- formulate concrete proposals and bring them to the attention of the world,
- generate strong policy.
At the last forum in Mexico, delegations from 140 countries had stressed the role "important local authorities" in the management of water services. But the "right to water" as a human right was not included in the final declaration.
In the document presented to the press at the last forum, the ministers "recognized the important role played in different countries parliamentarians and local authorities to develop sustainable access to water and sanitation" (evacuation and sewage treatment).
These players, the document continued, "play a key role" to achieve the objectives set by the international community to halve, by 2015 the world population still without access to these services, nearly one third of humanity.
The ministers also reaffirmed that "a substantial increase in resources of all kinds, including domestic, official development assistance and is required to enable developing countries to achieve these objectives."
According to the report of the special UN funding for the water in the world, at least 12 billion dollars per year are needed by 2015.
Finally, the ministers of water meeting in Mexico had highlighted the need "to involve all stakeholders, including women and youth in the planning and management of water services and decision making processes."
The choice of Istanbul for the 5th forum is also recognition of the dynamism of a city. We say that there is no development without water and Turkey has shown in the past that it was putting its hydraulic potential in the service of economic growth and social progress. Water as a tool for peace and prosperity throughout the region to which it belongs.
Explosion of the distribution of condoms in Brazil in 2009!
It is the largest government purchase of condoms in the world and represents triple the number of condoms distributed in 2008: 406 million. (source el pais)
The distribution will be undertaken by the Ministry of Health, where the young
minister José Temporão is ready to continue the campaign of prevention against
AIDS, which had already begun his predecessor, Jose Serra. The Brazilians will
receive a gift of the state in 2009, the astronomical figure of 1,200 million
condoms free of the government of Luiz Inácio the news spread throughout the
country. Source of unofficial French President Nicolas Sarkozy will return to
France after the holidays end of the year in Brazil under a contract of about
300 million condoms a quarter of the market.
The condom
was born 3 000 BC. The Egyptian soldiers wishing to protect themselves from
sexually transmitted diseases by using hoses sheep or pig bladder. Thereafter,
the condom will also become a means of contraception, whether paper oiled silk,
silk or velvet.
Studies have shown that a significant part of this lack of reliability is often a poor education when the wearing of condoms. The main issues put forward remains essentially that of a bad installation of condom use and poor knowledge of the device.
The effectiveness of condoms in the prevention of STIs is approximately known, and varies according to studies, between 60 and approximately 96% (for example, a meta-study in 1993 concluded that a risk reduction of 69 and another 1994 study gives averaged 87% (between 60% and 96%) even though these studies conclude unreliable measures of their own).
Examples:
• mechanical problems (tears, even microscopic cracks pass secretions);
• use of condoms which have exceeded their time limit for use;
• use of fats making porous material therefore lapsed (relates only latex condoms);
• lack of lubricant, including during vaginal intercourse but especially regarding anal sex. Other examples of misuse and result in reports of genital or anal sex (more risky about HIV transmission):
• too large, a condom is not in place;
• too small or too late (anal sex, especially), a condom even crack challenged;
• air bubbles between the penis and condoms bad place cause cracks;
• failure to meet the pocket of reservation may also be the source of local and burst tiny but dangerous;
• Using two condoms at the same time is the cause of tear. Studies on the permeability of the real material [often put forward by groups opposed to the use of condoms] have not yet been achieved.
The various male
Condoms with different characteristics are: the size, texture, scent, but also the lubricant vary. A condom can be between 170 and 215 mm in length and 49 to 60 millimeters in diameter for condoms Europe.
• Condoms those standards are available in vending (in France, in front of pharmacies, and in high schools).
• Condoms finest have a thickness of 40 to 55 micrometers.
• Condoms sold the finest in Europe has a thickness of 15 microns.
• Some are better lubricated condoms. This allows you to circumvent the problems of vaginal dryness. Lubrication is also the guarantor of a larger comfort and reduces the risk of rupture ... However, attention to proper use of lubricants with latex condoms (not fat).
• Condoms are large. • For people allergic to latex, latex condoms are available. Beware, though some models are actually non-latex (case of Durex avanti for example), others are only latex déprotéinéisés ... but traces can remain present. • Condoms with ribs exist.
• Some condoms are flavored or colored, for example: pink, orange, the strawberry, with mint, or vanilla. There are even phosphorescent.
The female condom
• The female condom is the condom adapted to the morphology of the female sexual organ. This device consists of a thin sheath of polyurethane (to avoid latex allergy) with a flexible ring at each end. The ring of the closed side and twists up into the vagina while the other takes place on the outside and covers the genitals.
Like the male condom, the female condom is both contraception and protection from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The inner ring can be removed for more comfort but also for anal sex (though no scientific study to date can be no assurance that this practice is as reliable as when the inner ring is present). The ring serves as a guide to position the condom, as well as to help maintain during sex. Once removed, the female condom should be discarded. Its use must be limited to one partner, to prevent virus transmission between two partners.
The coordinator of Brazil's fight against AIDS, Pedro Checker, had told the press that the principles of Usaid are "Manichaean, theological and fundamentalists" and they "would not be used to control" the AIDS epidemic .
The $ 48 million from USAID, which account for 2 to 3% of the total Brazilian program to fight against sexually transmitted diseases (for 2003-2008), were used to finance activities of non-governmental organizations ( NGOs) to research and campaigns to promote condom use.
The Brazilian program of fight against AIDS has won the World Health Gates in 2003. It has already halved the deaths from the disease.
Cast iron of the ices, to better understand the phenomenon!
To understand the present, we turn towards the past. Inter ilia wonders, nature has this of attractive which it is a book of history containing the memory of its genesis. In the east of the Antarctic, where the icecap can reach up to 3.200 meters of depth, it is not less than 400.000 years of the geophysical history of the world which are filed. Pig iron and cast iron, like that observed with the north pole, it is already produced well before the man does not consume fossil energies and that the cows are so numerous that they expel methane, another gas with greenhouse effect, in worrying quantity. The distance from the Earth to the Sun constitutes one of the factors influencing the climate.
We thank MP creation for this work which you can see here
According to the astronomical forecasts, us should enter a phase of glaciation in a few centuries. Another crucial factor: the temperature of the oceanic currents. The researchers detected, there is little, a current of water hotter and more salted than that of the Gulf Stream, plunging under the north pole off Norway.
It could play a considerable part in the cast iron of the polar ices In the same way that an ice floe which melts in glass does not modify the level of water, On the other hand, the total cast iron of the icecap of the north pole would cause an increase of 9 meters of the level of the oceans, and that of the south pole, a rise in 65 meters of the sea level. The ices of sea have founded for thirty years With the north pole, half of the ices of sea disappears in summer, and leaves room to interstitial water holes, called polynies. However, even in winter, it is undeniable that the ices of sea of the north pole have founded for thirty years.
According to the specialists, the climate warming announced from here a deadline from fifty to hundred years, should result in an additional degree to the equator and 4 to 5 øC moreover with the poles. Why this difference?
" The poles being covered with a white surface, 80% of solar energy are returned in the atmosphere. But if the ice melts, revealed surface, darker, absorbs heat " more; , explains a glaciologist. According to the models, one would attend then with a retreat of the coasts and the flood of coastal areas strongly urbanized today. In addition, the cast iron of the polar icecaps would modify the balance of the marine currents, with for consequence a disordered state of the climate in many areas of the world. Some, like the North of Europe, would know a cooling, because of the local modification of the currents and the marine winds, while the majority of planet would undergo a warming.
According to the most recent studies, the change of the climate could support the recrudescence of paludism, as well as the extension of the infectious illness like the salmonellose and the cholera. Moreover, it would be too fast so that the natural ecosystems can adapt. It would undoubtedly result a strong fall from it from the biodiversity (disappearance of plant species and animal).
Conclusion
The climatic mode which we know today, there is established is more than 2 million; years with the formation of the caps of ice on The Antarctic and Greenland, and advanced and the periodic retirement of the large glaciers of northern hemisphere. These old glacial is controlled by astronomical cycles.
130.000 years ago, the Earth knew a warming comparable with that which one envisages for the end of the 21e century. This warming had produced a cast iron of the ices and a rise of the sea level of several meters to the top of the current level. rise in the sea level has a considerable environmental impact, but it can also cause modifications on the level of the gravity of planet.
The terrestrial gravitation differs an end with other of planet. It varies in function, in particular, of the assembly lines, the valleys or the oceanic pits. In the zones with raised mass, such as the assembly lines, the gravitational field is more important. Conversely, it is weaker in the oceanic pits. It happens that the field of gravitation an area varies with the wire of time, for example according to rise in the sea level or the cast iron of the icecap.
Note
It is well early to be alarmed on the assumption at a climate warming of which we inevitably do not have all the data between our hands, even if the satellites have been able to measure the reduction of the ices of sea in the poles for 10 years and still it is too a short period, they do not have the capacity to measure the reduction in the cap refrigerator. On the other hand it is true that it is time and imperative to control our energies and to become aware of our environment, of our waste dégradable or not such as nuclear the not easily which can be recycled one.
Overweight, obesity, lack of physical-activity, epidemic of our company!
Obesity was recognized like a chronic disease in 1997 by OMS. This organization defines “the overweight and obesity like an abnormal or excessive accumulation of body grease which can harm health”. Its prevention is public health problems in the developed countries. It can have important effects on the health of l' individual.
Greases (and other lipids), just like sugars (glucose), are used to store energy in the body. Sugars provide an energy quickly usable, greases make it possible to store much; energy in little space.
Grease is stored in cells called lipocytes or adipocytes. In the event of important stock, one distinguishes two situations:
* Overweight: the adipocytes store grease more and more and grow bigger;
* Obesity: when the adipocytes arrive at saturation, they multiply. The principal indicator of measurement used is index of body mass (ICM). It takes account of the morphology of individual
* Index of body mass is equal to the mass (expressed in kilograms) divided by the square of the size of the person (in meter)
* One ICM between 18, 5 and 25 is regarded as normal in an adult.
* Between 25 to 30, one speaks about overweight (ponderal overload).
* Beyond 30, one speaks d' obesity.
* About 35 to 40, one speaks d' severe obesity and, beyond 40, morbid obesity.
It as should be known as the mass of grease is distributed differently among the men and women. It accounts for 10 to 15% of the body weight of man and 20 to 25% of the weight of the woman. It’s generally accumulated on abdomen and the thorax at man, on the hips and the thighs at the woman. 115 million is counted; obese in the countries in the process of development; paradoxically in some of these countries, the people suffering d' obesity and others suffering of denutrition. This explains, partly, by two phenomena economic origin:
* The fall of the world rate of sugar;
* Manufacture; oil is an activity subsidized by the States in many these countries. Consequently, oil and it sugar are the least expensive food products, which facilitates their access for these populations, with the detriment other products, which can result in deficiencies into proteins, vitamins, trace elements.
Obesity often results an imbalance between:
* daily energy contribution brought by food:
- the glucose (slow or fast sugars, with more or less high index glycemic): saccharose, glucose, fructose.
- the lipids (fatty-acids) found in plant oils and animal greases in particular;
- and proteins, vegetable (algae, lenses for example) or animal (meat, fish).
and summons it energy expenditure:
- heat transfer with l' environment (thermoregulation), as much more important than the outside temperature is weak;
- energy necessary to the operation of organization (digestion p. e.g.). The brain with him only consumes approximately 20% of total energy;
- physical efforts: go, sport, physical-activities of any kind.
Sedentariness is a big factor: the strong reduction of physical-activity due to the development of transport (car, public transport…), of new technologies (remote controls, television, computers…) does not allow; to balance the energy assessment. Only should not be believed; food abundance fatally caused a rise of the energy contributions which would explain the pandemic of obesity. Indeed, it was noted with current hour a fall of the daily energy contributions which remains however higher than the energy expenditure day labourers.
Obesity is a problem which is treated on the means and the long run, with an even psychological medical monitoring. The purpose of medical monitoring and psychological is to supervise so that obesity and its complications do not worsen.Physical-activity, without heating restriction, only allows it to have a moderate fall of the weight. Association of physical-activity with a mode is more effective than each taken element separately. It is not necessarily sporting. The family therapies with the spouse were slightly more effective, contrary to the group therapies.
The risks related to obesity are of order psychological (depression, discomfort etc…) Social (discrimination, setting with variation etc…) and economic costs following the increase in medical expenditure and a lower productivity with work represent.
Children Sixteen percent of the children attending garden children are concerned with the overweight. In the schoolboys of the levels inferior and means, this percentage passes to 22 and to those of the level higher than 23, worry Swiss Promotion Health. On the whole, a child on five is in overweight and one on twenty is obese. The boys are more often concerned with the problem than the girls.
Results show that the periods of growth do not present all same associations with the fatty mass to adolescence: a fast catch of weight in 3 months, then as from 3 years presents strongest association with the risk of later overweight. Thus, in 3 months, each increase the speed of growth of 143g/month increases the risk to be in overweight of 52%. On the other hand, between 1 and 2 years the setting rate of weight does not show association with the later fatty mass. On the other hand seems periods ago when the essential resources with the development of the child are such as the risk to store an excess of energy in the form of fatty mass is weak. It is probably the case between 1 and 2 years: a reduction of the energy contributions at this period could then be prejudicial.
Note
If the English do not modify their dietary habits and their physical-activity, more than 70% of the population will be obese in 2025! Without counting the other diseases related to the food like the cardiovascular cancers and complications.
According to a recent study of OMS, there is
from now on as much d' human (1,1 billion) which suffers from the second form,
accompanied d' plumpness and d' obesity, that first. Obesity, universal
syndrome, are also the symbol of universalization. Typical example: Micronesians, alive under American protectorate, became obese to 85% through
turkey tail gaver, prohibited in the
In the
A dependent healthy food with an physical-activity on our daily newspaper must be able very favourable to decrease these effects of overweight and obesity. Privilege the walking in your life of every day and a healthy food with lower costs.
MSF, to better know organization
Doctors without borders, shortened MSF, is an international governmental organization with humane goal French origin.
MSF is an association governed by the law of 1901. It has as an aim “to join together, without discrimination and exclusive, all the doctors and voluntary bodies of health, to bring their assistance to the populations tested by cataclysms, accidents collective or situations of belligerency”. With this intention, it “will be placed at the disposal of the international agencies, of the governments or authorities made up of the tested countries, as well as public and deprived organizations which, in these same countries, appeal to him”. It received the Nobel Prize of peace in 1999. It was created on December 20, 1971. The adventure of Doctors without borders thus takes his source in Biafra, with the Red Cross to try there to help the population at the time a war which had opposed this independence area to the central government Nigerian between 1967 and 1970. Estimating that the policy of neutrality and reserve of the Red Cross had been an error, they wanted to found an association which combines humanitarian aid and campaigns de publicity near the media and the political institutions.
Its founders
* Dr. Marcel Delcourt, general doctor * Dr. max Recamier, oto-rhino-laryngologist * Dr. Gerard Pigeon, doctor-colonel of fireman * Dr. Bernard Kouchner, doctor and politician * Raymond Borel, of the review Tonicity * Dr. Jean Cabrol, surgeon * Dr. Vladan Radoman, surgeon * Dr. Jean-Michel Wild, surgeon * Dr. Pascal Greletty-Bosviel, general doctor.
MSF counts 19 sections established in as much country (Germany, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China (HongKong), Denmark, Spain, the United States, France, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Norway, Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden and Switzerland). An International office located at Geneva takes care of the coordination of l' action enters the various sections. On the ground, a coordination more abstract intersection ensures the coherence of the operations. With title example, the 5 operational sections of MSF are present as a Democratic republic of Congo during the Second war, but on different projects as for their localization, their actions in the duration (of the situations d' urgency with the support with the health system) or their nature (urgency, AIDS, vaccination campaigns, support with the health system…). In France, “regional Antennas”, animated by the voluntary ones, take part in the activities of information and communication of association like to the reception and the recruitment of the new volunteers at the beginning on mission.
Assessment 2007
The expenditure combined for 2007 is in rise, passing from 144,4M€ in
2006 with 152,2M€ in 2007, the resources used combined, as for them,
rise with 165,6M€, in clear progression compared to 2006.
The major part of the financial resources comes from the general public
and the companies. These funds, primarily collected through campaigns
of subscription and d' information, are essential to the continuation
of the missions.
On the ground
At the time of armed conflicts, the surgery is often the only possible medical activity near the civil populations. The surgeons intervene under often precarious conditions and with average very limited buildings sometimes. stop of the provisioning, degradation or disappearance part of equipment, even the defection of the medical personnel, and thus material and human impossibility to meet the needs; a crisis, imply an intervention quite far away from the usual terms of employment of the surgeons.
who are it?
Each year, nearly 2500 Doctors without borders their competences put at the service of the people in distress. #Des general doctors or specialists in public health, epidemiology, pediatry, tropical medicine… They know pathologies they meet and know they will have to face testing situations. In the contexts of war, Doctors without borders utilizes surgeons and anaesthetists close to the zones of engagements. Ceuxci take turns for missions of short duration.
# Of the male nurse (E) S which leave with Doctors without borders generally received an additional training in tropical medicine, nutrition, or in child welfare. They coordinate the consultations, the distribution of the drugs, activity of the dispensaries, the centers of nutrition. Lastly, the Doctors without borders are also laboratory assistants, midwives… who s' integrate into the missions when the needs; require.
# Of the logisticians, the professionals of construction, mechanics, hygiene and of cleansing. They can also manage l' provisioning, routing, the communication systems which are as many guarantees for the good walk of the missions. The administrators deal with administrative management and financial missions.
Niger
The minister native of Niger of l' Interior, Albade Abouba, have published last on July 22 a decree suspending the authorizations of work of the French section of operative MSF for a few years in the country. But the seat of l' organization affirms not to be informed of the reasons not justifying this decision. Since the beginning of l' year, underlines the text, MSF treated more than 14.000 children touched by acute malnutrition. To date, more than 3.400 hospitalized children of which 233, are in the course of treatment in nutritional centers and more than 70.000 others receive each month a nutritional complement. L' organization also gives its support for maternities of two health centres in the d' city; Agadez.
In his report 2007, the program of the United Nations for the development estimates that an annual expenditure of 80 billion dollars over 10 years will make it possible to guarantee to very human the access to education and the basic care, an adequate food and drinking water. Only great fortunes private and the richest states can decide to engage such sums and thus to stop an iniquitous process. Unfortunately, the ones like the others are too often to the absent subscribers. Still today, in more than 190 Member States of the United Nations, nearly 120 million children of less than 15 years not access to the school. In the least developed countries, approximately 10 million children dies each year before the 5 years age. In sub-Saharan Africa, nearly 40% of the 670 million inhabitants live under the poverty line. If the current conjuncture lasts, from here at 2020, the number of children suffering from malnutrition in Africa will exceed the 40 million.
